维生素B12和叶酸
快速浏览
为何检测?
为了辅助诊断贫血或神经病(神经损伤)的原因;评价一些病人的营养状况;监测B12或叶酸缺乏症的疗效。
何时检测?
当你有大红细胞生成时;当你出现贫血或神经病变症状时;当治疗B12或叶酸缺乏症时。
何种样本?
手臂静脉采血的标本。
是否需要作试验前准备?
要求在采集标本前6-8小时禁食。
检测样本
检测什么?
这些试验测量血液液体部分—血清中的叶酸和维生素B12浓度。也可能测量到红细胞(RBC)中叶酸的量——其通常在细胞内的量高于血清中含量。
B12和叶酸都是维生素B复合物中的一部分。叶酸可见于多叶蔬菜、柑橘类水果、干豆和豌豆,肝和酵母中。B12可见于动物产品如红色肉类、鱼、家禽、牛奶和蛋中。在最近几年,精制谷类、面包和其他的谷物食品成为B12和叶酸(通过营养标签上的“叶酸”确定)重要的饮食来源。
B12和叶酸盐对正常RBC的生成,组织和细胞修复以及DNA合成都是必要的。B12对于神经健康也很重要,同时叶酸也是细胞分裂所必需的,如见于怀孕期的胎儿。不管B12还是叶酸缺乏都会导致大红细胞性贫血。也叫做巨幼红细胞性贫血,这种情况下生成少数大的红细胞,叫做巨红细胞。巨红细胞较正常的红细胞寿命短,更可能发生溶血,导致疲劳、虚弱和其他贫血症状。B12缺乏会导致不同程度的神经病变和神经损伤,能引起病人麻刺感和手脚麻木。在早期妊娠期间叶酸缺乏会增加神经管缺陷的风险,如胎儿脊柱裂。
有很多种不同的原因导致B12和/或叶酸缺乏。包括:
摄入不足
B12能在人体肝脏中存储若干年,且能很容易地从食物中获得,所以在美国几乎很少发生维生素的饮食缺乏。有时候可见于综合性营养不良和素食者——这些人不食用任何动物产品,包括牛奶和鸡蛋,也可见于儿童和素食者哺乳的婴儿。由于他们不像成人那样可以储藏B12,因此儿童和婴儿很快就会出现B12缺乏。
叶酸过去普遍缺乏,但随着精制谷类,、面包和谷物产品的普及,这种情况很少出现了。由于叶酸储存在组织中的量要少于B12,因此比B12消耗得更彻底。
吸收不良
小肠吸收障碍时会出现B12和叶酸缺乏。包括:
- 乳糜泻
- 胃肠道细菌过度生长
- 胃酸(胃酸是从食物蛋白中分离B12所必需的)产生的减少
- 恶性贫血是导致B12缺乏最常见的原因。通常由排列在胃中壁细胞生成内因子。B12在胃中与内因子相结合,然后生成的混合物在肠道内被吸收。在恶性贫血中,很少或几乎不生成内因子,阻止了B12的吸收。
- 手术切除部分胃(和壁细胞)或肠道后可能大量降低B12的吸收。
丢失增加
这可见于:
- 肝肾疾病
- 酗酒后酒精中毒,只有少量B12和叶酸被吸收,更多地通过肾脏排泄出去。
- 抗癫痫药物如苯妥英能减少叶酸以及二甲双胍和甲氨喋呤的吸收。
需求的增加:
由于胚胎发育的需要,所有孕妇叶酸摄入量明显增加。如果一个女性在怀孕前有叶酸缺乏,那么在妊娠期间会更加严重,可能导致早产以及胎儿的神经管出生缺陷。
测试样本如何采集?
手臂静脉采血的标本。
是否需要进行任何试验前准备以保证样本的质量?
在采集标本前6-8小时需要禁食。特殊要求可以向你的保健医生或实验室咨询。
试验
常见问题
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参考文献
注意:本文是在此处引用的参考文献和医学检验项目在线介绍编辑审核委员会全体成员的经验和研究结果的基础上总结而成。本文由编辑委员会定期审核、更新。任何新引用的文献都会添加到列表中,并且会与原有的参考文献区分开。
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