微量矿物质

微量矿物质检测的是一组矿物质含量，通常选用血液标本，有时为尿液或其他组织和体液。这些矿物质在机体的含量很低。机体通过食物摄入矿物质，用于酶和激素的合成；血糖调节；骨骼、牙齿、肌肉、结缔组织和血细胞的生成；参与蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的代谢；促进伤口愈合；并对体内的氧气传送具有重要作用。

        微量矿物质是一组微量营养素和必须矿物质，如下所示：

• 铬
• 铜
• 氟化物 (较少检测)
• 碘
• 铁
• 锰
• 钼
• 硒
• 锌

        微量矿物质缺乏常见于食物或食物种类缺乏、矿物质缺乏的地区。世界卫生组织将碘、铁（合并维生素A）定义为对世界公共健康最为重要的微量营养素。微量元素缺乏或过量的病例在美国很罕见。微量元素缺乏往往见于营养不良，或存在脂泄病影响矿物质吸收。如下所示：

• 摄入不足– 如饮食不均衡，如接受静脉营养的患者。
• 吸收不足– 见于慢性吸收障碍的疾病，或手术切除部分肠胃的患者
• 利用障碍– 某些患者无法正常利用一种或多种微量矿物质
• 需求或利用增加– 孕妇、儿童、处于疾病恢复期营养需求增加的患者
• 流失增加– 急性或慢性失血造成红细胞破坏过多，导致铁流失过多
• 矿物质间的相关影响– 如锌含量过多将导致铜含量降低

       微量矿物质过量见于：

• 摄入过多– 可为慢性或急性，由于长期补充、意外或职业暴露
• 排泄减少– 若存在肾脏和肝脏疾病,，机体无法按正常速率排泄微量矿物质。某些遗传性疾病可将微量矿物质储存于组织或器官，从而有损这些组织和器官。Wilson’s病是此类疾病的典型代表（储存过多的铜）。

微量矿物质通常手臂处采集的静脉血进行检测。有时也采用24-小时尿样 。特殊无金属血液或酸化尿液容器可减少外界矿物质对检测的干扰影响。

        血液和尿液可反映近期矿物质的摄入情况。有时选择头发或通过组织活检 获得组织样本来判断矿物质是否缺乏或过量，以及长期储存的情况。

向临床医生咨询；询问是否需要空腹采血。

疾病: 贫血, 营养不良, Wilson’s病, 酒精中毒, 囊性纤维化, 血色病

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