TB皮试
快速浏览
为何检测？
帮助诊断您是否已经暴露于或者感染结核分支杆菌。
何时检测？
当您患病或者出现免疫力下降后，使您出现活动性结核（TB）的危险性大大增加时；当您近密切接触了患有活动性结核的病人后，或者工作或生活在一个高危环境中；当您在国外TB高发区生活了一段时间后；有时只是作为入学或新职工检查中的一项（例如大学生、老师、全日制护理或医护人员）。
何种样本？
不需要样本。只要在前臂内侧表皮注射小剂量结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物（PPD）溶液。
检测样本
检测什么？
结核是一种由于细菌感染引起的传染性疾病。可以累及多器官，但最初的靶器官是肺。结核是由结核分支杆菌引起的，过去称为肺痨，几千年前就已出现。
TB可以是非活动性的（潜伏的）或活动性感染，是一种进行性疾病。大约90％人群的免疫系统可以在感染TB之后限制其生长并将感染范围控制在体内个别细胞中。这些细胞中的细菌虽然是活的，但是不处于活动状态。这种人不会出现任何症状，也没有传染性，但他们是“TB潜伏感染”。如果以后此人免疫功能下降了，休眠状态的分支杆菌就会重新开始生长，最终导致活动性结核。对人类而言，活动性TB是致病的，可以通过呼吸分泌物传播，例如痰，或者通过咳嗽、喷嚏、大笑、呼吸等释放出的气溶胶。
如果TB皮试是阳性的，该患者可能出现了活动性TB，或者是潜伏感染。需要更多的实验来明确诊断活动性结核感染的存在。
测试样本如何采集？
不需要样本，直接在患者皮肤上试验。结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物（PPD）溶液内有结核分支杆菌抗原，但是没有活的细菌，刺激已经感染了TB的人皮肤产生超敏反应（红色隆起）。
医护人员会用酒精擦拭您的前臂内侧，待皮肤吹干，使用1cc注射器和最小的针头，在您表皮注射小剂量的PPD溶液。注射成功的话，会产生一个看上去像水疱一样的小的液体囊泡。不要挤压和碰撞注射部位。由医护人员在48h或72h时检查皮肤表面是否出现局限性反应。
试验
常见问题
询问检验医学专家
*请根据需要选择字段。
参考文献
注意：本文是在此处引用的参考文献和医学检验项目在线介绍编辑审核委员会全体成员的经验和研究结果的基础上总结而成。本文由编辑委员会定期审核、更新。任何新引用的文献都会添加到列表中，并且会与原有的参考文献区分开。
S1
Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition].
S2
Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.
S3
Heimerdinger, M. (2000). Tuberculosis [21 paragraphs]. ACP-ASIM [On-line session report]. Available FTP: http://www.acponline.org/vas2000/sessions/tb.htm
S4
Kirchner, J. (2000 February 1). Do Sputum Smears Positive for AFB Signify Treatment Failure? [6 paragraphs]. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available FTP: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000201/tips/25.html
S5
Jerant, A. et.al. (2000 May 1). Identification and Management of Tuberculosis [60 paragraphs]. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available FTP: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000501/2667.html
S6
Sadovsky, R. (2001 May 15). Making the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Children [5 paragraphs]. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available FTP: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010515/tips/9.html
S7
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002 August 13, Reviewed). Frequently Asked Questions, Questions and Answers about TB [65 paragraphs]. National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention Division of Tuberculosis Elimination [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/faqs/qa.htm
S8
Tuberculosis [45 paragraphs]. The Merck Manual of Medical Information--Home Edition [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/sec17/181.htm
S9
Tan, L.J. (2000 June 28, Updated). ATS/CDC Statement Revises Treatment and Testing for Latent TB Infection [7 paragraphs]. American Medical Association [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/article/1865-2125.html
S10
Mazurek, G. & Villarino, M. (2002 December 18 Updated). Guidelines for Using the QuantiFERON®-TB Test for Diagnosing Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection [31 paragraphs]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report [On-line report]. Available FTP: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/di51cha1.htm
S11
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2002 March 23, Reviewed). TB and HIV Coinfection [29 paragraphs]. National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/TB_HIVcoinfection/default.htm
S12
Tuberculosis: Ancient Enemy Present Threat, "I must die": Tuberculosis in History [12 paragraphs]. NAIAD [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/focuson/tb02/story.htm
S13
Tuberculosis (TB) [51 paragraphs]. American Lung Association [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.lungusa.org/diseases/lungtb.html
S14
(2002 January). American Lung Association® Fact Sheet: Tuberculosis [25 paragraphs]. ALA [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.lungusa.org/diseases/tbfac.html
S15
(2002 January). American Lung Association® Fact Sheet: Tuberculosis Skin Test [10 paragraphs]. ALA [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.lungusa.org/diseases/tbskinfac.html
S16
(2002 January). American Lung Association® Fact Sheet: Pediatric Tuberculosis [8 paragraphs]. ALA [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.lungusa.org/diseases/pedtbfac.html
S17
NIAID (1999 December 1, Updated). The Global Burden of Tuberculosis [8 paragraphs]. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health [On-line publication]. Available FTP: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/blueprint/page2.htm
S18
Tuberculin skin test [17 paragraphs]. Hendrick Health System AccessMed [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.hendrickhealth.org/healthy/00069330.html
S19
Tuberculosis [33 paragraphs]. Hendrick Health System AccessMed [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.hendrickhealth.org/healthy/00069340.html
S20
Mycobacteriology, Introduction to the Genus Mycobacteria [4 paragraphs]. Microbiology Public Health for Northern Alberta, Bugs on the Web [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www2.provlab.ab.ca/bugs/mycob/mbintro.htm
S21
Mycobacteriology, Acid-Fast Staining Procedures for Mycobacteria [15 paragraphs]. Microbiology Public Health for Northern Alberta, Bugs on the Web [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www2.provlab.ab.ca/bugs/mycob/afb_stain/afb_tutorial.htm
S22
Hall, G. (2001). Practical Microbiology, Update on Broth Media for the Isolation of Mycobacterium Species [12 paragraphs]. Medscape from Infect Med 18(1):28-30, 2001 [On-line journal]. Available FTP: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/410131
S23
Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (Mantoux) Tubersol [58 paragraphs]. Aventis Pasteur Inc. (Swiftwater, PA) [Package Insert].
S24
(1996 October 28, Rev L). AccuProbe, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Culture Identification Test [63 paragraphs]. Gen-Probe [Package Insert]. Available FTP: http://www.gen-probe.com/mtd.html
S25
(2006 March). QuantiFERON-TB Gold Test [15 paragraphs]. Accessed December 10, 2006. National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination Fact Sheet [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/tbfactsheets/250103.htm
S26
(2006 April). Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Disease [7 paragraphs]. Accessed December 10, 2006. National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination Fact Sheet [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/tbfactsheets/250102.htm
S27
QuantiFERON - TB Gold In-Tube: FAQs. Available online at http://www.cellestis.com/. Accessed November 2008.
