呼吸道合胞病毒
快速浏览
为何检测?
判定婴儿、老年患者或免疫力低下患者是否感染呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV),帮助判定在社区中是否开始流行呼吸道合胞病毒。
何时检测?
呼吸道合胞病毒流行(晚秋到初春)的季节,当您出现流鼻涕、咽部充血、咳嗽和/或呼吸困难时,医生考虑是否由RSV还是其他原因所导致的。
何种样本?
通常是鼻腔抽吸或鼻腔冲洗液;偶尔也通过鼻咽拭子。
检测样本
检测什么?
RSV检测用于检测呼吸道合胞病毒,一种常见的呼吸道感染病毒。RSV常呈季节性流行,在幼儿、老年人或免疫力低下人群中流行,典型的发作为每年的11-12月开始并在第二年春天的早期逐渐减退。在这些高危人群中,RSV可以引发肺炎和支气管炎。被感染的患者通常有严重的咳嗽、呼吸困难和高热等临床症状。根据CDC的报告,每年有超过10万人因感染RSV病毒而住院,每年大约有1,1000人死于呼吸道合胞病毒感染的并发症,死亡者大部分为老年人。
RSV检测的是脱落至感染患者呼吸道/鼻腔分泌物中的病毒。由于仅在感染初期数天内,分泌物中有可检测数量的脱落病毒,因此大部分检测项目务必要在这段时期进行。有许多检测病毒的方法,但是到目前为止快速RSV抗原检测是使用最普遍的。快速RSV抗原检测通常在现场、医生办公室或急诊室中进行,在一小时之内就可以得出结果。某些情况下可收集样本送到实验室,以采用更敏感的方法检测。通常当天可获得RSV检测结果。
偶尔,医生会申请进行病毒培养(扩增RSV病毒)或病毒遗传物质检测。这些检测的优点是不仅可以鉴定RSV病毒也可以鉴定其他可能存在的病毒。这些检测主要的不足是并非每个实验室都可以进行,并且其所花的时间比快速RSV检测要长。对单个患者的诊断来说其临床应用较少,但是它们对证明RSV或其它病毒(比如流感病毒)是否已经感染一个群体、是否在特定人群(比如养老院、学校或某一社区)中爆发是很有价值的。
测试样本如何采集?
在RSV检测中样本采集技术是很关键的。采用的样本通常是鼻腔抽吸或冲洗液。用注射器在鼻腔内推注小量的生理盐水,然后缓慢的抽吸(鼻腔抽吸)或将液体收集到一个小杯子中(冲洗)。鼻咽(NP)拭子法取标本,尽管其中病毒数量较少并非首选,但偶尔也使用。头部倾斜,然后将尼龙拭子(像一个长的Q-tip)轻柔的插入鼻孔,直至遇到阻力(约1-2英寸深),并在鼻腔中旋转数次,取出NP拭子,获得标本。这并不是很痛,但是可能会痒并流泪。
是否需要进行任何试验前准备以保证样本的质量?
不需要。
试验
常见问题
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参考文献
注意:本文是在此处引用的参考文献和医学检验项目在线介绍编辑审核委员会全体成员的经验和研究结果的基础上总结而成。本文由编辑委员会定期审核、更新。任何新引用的文献都会添加到列表中,并且会与原有的参考文献区分开。
Sources Used in Current Review
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Sources Used in Previous Reviews
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