MRSA筛查实验

本试验检测是否存在耐甲氧西林的金葡菌(MRSA)，有时也为了评估其基因型。MRSA属于金葡球菌种，且对甲氧西林类抗生素、β内酰胺类抗生素（如苯唑西林）有抵抗作用。MRSA自上世纪60年代初被首次发现后，其导致的感染及大规模爆发已危害到特定人群，如医院、监狱和养老院。MRSA也造成了无数的皮肤、肺部、骨骼及累及心脏的葡萄球菌严重感染。这些感染很难治疗，甚至有时能引起死亡。大部分医院建立了很多方法试图根除MRSA，并且控制其在个体间的传播。但这项工作实属不易，因为葡萄球菌是一种常见菌种，在皮肤和鼻腔的人群感染率为25～30％。过去仅有约0.8％的葡萄球菌为MRSA。但过去十年的数据显示这一比例已超过1％，有些对于特定人群的研究结论甚至高达9％。

        自1960年起，发生医院外的MRSA爆发偶尔会出现，但近年来呈明显增长趋势，而且涉及医务工作者和养老院工作人员的感染正在增加。而在社区，MRSA也能感染没有明显危险因素的、先前健康的年轻人。研究显示MRSA已能通过与MRSA携带者或感染者、感染的物体（如运动器材、共用毛巾、剃须刀等）的近距离接触（如运动过程或日常护理）在社区中进行传播。感染症状常为迁延不愈的皮肤感染（最初可能呈“蜘蛛叮咬”症状），有时为持续的肺部感染。

        研究显示社区获得型MRSA在基因学方面与医院获得型常为不同（说明两者发展并无关联）。而且社区获得型MRSA对于常规治疗皮肤感染的抗生素耐受，可产生毒性物质、导致侵入性感染，有时甚至会致命。这种MRSA目前在医院也有发现，可能通过感染或携带的病人、医务人员带至医院。

将拭子在每个鼻孔中旋转擦拭来采集标本。有时也采集伤口感染部位或皮肤伤口处的拭子标本。

疾病: 金黄色葡萄球菌伤口感染 和 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌
新闻要事: Study shows jump in pediatric MRSA; doctors advised to culture suspected cases (2009), Preventing MRSA Infections and Deaths Becomes Bigger Priority (2007)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Healthcare-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA)
CDC: Community-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)

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