汞

汞元素以三种形式存在：自由金属（液体或气体），无机化合物（汞盐） 和各种有机化合物（最常见的是甲基汞）。检测急性或慢性过度暴露后血液，尿液，或头发（偶尔）中汞的含量。

        自然界汞的含量很少。主要来自于破损矿石、土壤的释放以及化石燃烧和废弃物焚烧。我们呼吸时会从空气中吸入汞，还可通过皮肤吸收和食物摄入汞。对绝大多数人来说微量的摄入一般不会引起健康问题，但接触到危险浓度的汞（如危险废物工作站）或长期接触汞（例如“重金属”职业）可能会引起汞相关的症状和并发症。

        暴露于过量的汞会引起中毒。个体吸入大量汞后对健康的影响取决于汞的种类、浓度和接触时间。根据美国毒物和疾病登记署（ATSDR）的资料，即使通过吞咽，人体能吸收的金属汞量极少（小于0.01%）。然而，如果同样的汞是通过气体被吸入，约80%会被吸收到血液。约95%的甲基汞（见于鱼类和其他海产品中）通过胃肠道吸收。人类接触甲基汞最常见的来源是食用了受污染的海产品。来自污染水域的鱼类以及一些较大的食肉型鱼类（因为食物链的累积效应）的甲基汞水平显著提高。这就是建议您需了解所购买的鱼的来源和限制食用大型食肉型鱼类数量的原因。

        汞吸收后会通过某些途径进入人体各个器官，包括肾脏和大脑。机体通过尿液和粪便缓慢的排泄汞，但如果汞过量存在，它可以永久地损害肾脏、神经系统和大脑。

        孕妇接触较高水平的汞会传递给胎儿，影响胎儿的发育，尤其是胎儿的大脑、肾脏和神经。汞也可以通过哺乳传递给婴儿。

采集手臂静脉血，或收集随机尿或24小时尿液标本。其它一些标本如头发、乳汁和指甲也可检测，但很少用。

无需特殊检测准备。咨询您的医生或实验室关于尿液标本的采集的注意事项，以避免污染。

The Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR): Mercury
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): Toxicological Profile for Mercury
U.S. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Mercury
March of Dimes: Mercury
American Pregnancy Association: Mercury Levels in Sushi
EPA: What You Need to Know about Mercury in Fish and Shellfish

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