铅
快速浏览
为何检测？
通过检测血铅含量是否升高来筛查铅的暴露程度。
何时检测？
在小孩一两岁左右时做铅的筛查；考虑小孩有高血铅水平风险，应在儿科医生和当地卫生部门的协助下，于18个月到6岁之间做额外测定；小孩居住于1978年前建造的房子里；职业或兴趣爱好可能有铅的接触史；出现铅中毒的症状可检测此项目。
何种样本？
手臂处采集的静脉血，婴幼儿可采集手指血。
是否需要作试验前准备？
不需要。
检测样本
检测什么？
该试验用于评价血液中当前的铅含量。铅是存在于环境中的一种软金属。当被人体吸入或食入后，铅可能会引起脑部、器官及神经系统的损伤。少量铅也会引发机体不可逆的损伤，而且这种损伤无任何症状。对于婴儿来说，铅可引发永久性认知缺损、行为失常及发育迟缓。铅接触会引发身体虚弱、贫血、恶心、体重减轻、疲劳、头痛、胃痛以及肾脏、神经系统和生殖系统疾病。铅可通过孕妇传给未出生的孩子，导致流产及早产。过去铅常被添加到油漆、汽油、水管、制造例如罐头食品等日常生活必需品所使用的焊接剂中。尽管这些物品的使用在美国已受到限制，在美国及世界其他国家，铅仍被用于许多产品和生产加工过程。很多1978年前尤其是1950年前建造的房子使用了含铅油漆，房子里面有大量含铅粉尘。这些房子周边的土壤可能也已受到铅污染。在美国，一些艺术品及含釉制品仍然会使用含铅颜料。p>
由于手口接触频繁及对入口物体的高吸收率，6岁以下的儿童最易接触到铅。铅会通过含铅粉末或者含铅涂料，铅污染食物或者水而进入人体体内。成年人主要由于职业或者兴趣爱好而接触铅，而且带到家里的含铅污染工作服可能也会使他们的孩子接触到铅。
测试样本如何采集？
手臂处采集的静脉血。婴幼儿可采集手指血。如果从手指针刺采血不顺，应重新抽取静脉血对检测结果进行验证。
是否需要进行任何试验前准备以保证样本的质量？
无需特殊检测准备。
试验
常见问题
询问检验医学专家
*请根据需要选择字段。
参考文献
注意：本文是在此处引用的参考文献和医学检验项目在线介绍编辑审核委员会全体成员的经验和研究结果的基础上总结而成。本文由编辑委员会定期审核、更新。任何新引用的文献都会添加到列表中，并且会与原有的参考文献区分开。
Sources Used in Current Review
Clarke, W. and Dufour, D. R., Editors (© 2006). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry: AACC Press, Washington, DC. Pp 474.
Wu, A. (© 2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 4th Edition: Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. Pp 658-659.
(Updated 2008 May 30). Lead. U.S. Dept of Labor OSHA [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/lead/index.html through http://www.osha.gov. Accessed June 2009.
(Updated 2009 February 01). Lead. ATSDR [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=22 through < a href="http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov" target="_blank">http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov. Accessed June 2009.
(Updated 2007 October 05) ToxFAQs™ for Lead. ATSDR [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts13.html through http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov. Accessed June 2009.
(2009 May 19). Lead in Paint, Dust, and Soil. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/lead/index.html through http://www.epa.gov. Accessed June 2009.
Alexander, D. (Updated 2007 May 25). Lead levels – blood [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003360.htm. Accessed June 2009.
(2007 November 2). Interpreting and Managing Blood Lead Levels <10 µg/dL in Children and Reducing Childhood Exposures to Lead. CDC MMWR 56(RR08);1-14;16 [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5608a1.htm through http://www.cdc.gov. Accessed June 2009.
(Revised 2007 August 20). Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM), Lead Toxicity, What Tests Can Assist with Diagnosis of Lead Toxicity? ATSDR [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/lead/pbtests_diagnosis2.html through http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov. Accessed June 2009.
(Updated 2008 September) Lead Poisoning. ARUP Consult [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.arupconsult.com/Topics/ToxinsTraceMetals/LeadPoisoning.html through http://www.arupconsult.com. Accessed June 2009.
Sources Used in Previous Reviews
National Center for Environmental Health. Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning, 1997. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/guide/guide97.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
California Department of Health Services, Occupational Health Branch. "How to Prevent Lead Poisoning on Your Job", 2000. Pp 9,10,23.
Hipkins KL, Materna BL, Kosnett MJ, Rogge JW, Cone JE. Medical surveillance of the lead exposed worker. AAOHN Journal 46(7):330-339.
Todd AC, et al. "Unraveling the chronic toxicity of lead: An essential priority for environmental health". Environmental Health Perspectives, 104(Supp 1):141-146; March 1996.
A Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests (sixth edition), Frances Fischbach, editor. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams& Wilkins, 2000; Pp 398-400; 1179-1180.
General Industry Federal OSHA Lead Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1025
Residential Lead Hazard Standards - TSCA Section 403 Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/lead/leadhaz.htm through http://www.epa.gov.
Blood Lead Levels in Young Children — United States and Selected States, 1996-1999 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MMWR December 22, 2000 / 49(50);1133-7.
Management Guidelines for Blood Lead Levels in Children and Adults. California Department of Health Services. Available online at http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov/ohb/OLPPP/mgmtgdln.htm through http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov.
Michael E. Ottlinger, PhD. Senior Toxicologist, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH.
Mitchell G. Scott, PhD. Division of Laboratory Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Raymond K. Meister, MD, MPH. Occupational health physician.
Thomas P. Moyer, PhD. Professor of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Biochemistry & Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
(2005 October 1). Lead Exposure in Children: Prevention, Detection, and Management. American Academy of Pediatrics, PEDIATRICS Vol. 116 No. 4 October 2005, Pp. 1036-1046.
Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.
(2005 June 23, Reviewed) Lead Health Effects. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/lead/recognition.html through http://www.osha.gov.
(2005 July, Updated). Lead Poisoning in Children. Familydoctor.org [On-line information]. Available online at http://familydoctor.org/617.xml through http://familydoctor.org.
(2005 September, Revised). Management Guidelines for Blood Lead Levels in Children and Adults. California Department of Health Services [On-line information]. PDF available for download at http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/OLPPP/mgmtgdln.pdf through http://www.dhs.ca.gov.
Hipkins, K. et. al. (2004 November/December). Family Lead Poisoning Associated with Occupational Exposure. Clin Pediatr 2004;43:845-849. PDF available for download at http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/OLPPP/family_lead_poisoning.pdf through http://www.dhs.ca.gov.
(2005 May 25, Reviewed). CDC Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, CDC Recommendations for Lead Poisoning Prevention in Newly Arrived Refugee Children. CDC National Center for Environmental Health [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/Refugee%20recs.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
(2005 September). ToxFAQs™ for Lead. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts13.html through http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov.
(2005 September). Public Health Statement, from Toxicological Profile for Lead, Draft for Public Comment. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) [[On-line information]. Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.html through http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov.
(2006 January 13, Reviewed). General Lead Information, Questions and Answers. CDC, National Center for Environmental Health [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/faq/about.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
(2002 March). Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children: Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. CDC [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/CaseManagement/caseManage_main.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
(2003 September 12). Surveillance for Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Children --- United States, 1997—2001 CDC MMWR [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5210a1.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
(2004 July 9). Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance --- United States, 2002. CDC MMWR [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5326a2.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
SN Tsekrekos, I Buka. Paediatr Child Health Vol 10, No 4. April 2005.
Dr. Irena Buka MB, ChB, FRCPC. Pediatric Environmental Health Clinic. Edmonton, Alta. Canada.
Harold E. Hoffman, MD, FRCPC, FACOEM. Occupational & Environmental Medicine. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Kathy Leinenkugel, CLS. Lead Program Coordinator, Douglas County Health Department. Omaha, NE.
Thomas P. Moyer, Ph.D. Professor of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine. Vice Chair for Diagnostic Development, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology. Co-Director for Medical Affairs, Mayo Collaborative Services, Inc. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
