糖尿病相关自身抗体
快速浏览
为何检测?
帮助诊断自身免疫1型糖尿病;帮助预测自身免疫1型糖尿病患者家族成员中1型糖尿病发展情况(仅用于科研目的)。
何时检测?
当患者初诊为糖尿病时,为确定是否为自身免疫相关性糖尿病;或接受非胰岛素治疗的糖尿病患者的血糖极难控制时(例如不能维持正常或接近正常血糖水平),可检测糖尿病相关抗体。
何种样本?
自肘静脉采集血液样本。
检测样本
检测什么?
胰岛细胞胞浆抗体(ICA)、胰岛素抗体(IAA)、谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GADA)和胰岛素瘤相关2型抗体(IA-2A)是一组测定糖尿病相关自身抗体的检测。这些自身抗体不是引起1型糖尿病的原因,但是是机体针对自身产胰岛素细胞(例如胰腺β细胞)发生破坏性免疫反应的标志物。当80-90%的β细胞被免疫系统破坏时,多尿、口渴、体重减轻和创伤愈合延迟等糖尿病症状就会表现出来。没有足够地胰岛素作用时,会导致高血糖结果。如果没有明显的糖尿病症状而高血糖没有及时处理,可能会在几周或甚至几天内发展为糖尿病危象。
ICA是一组以多种胰岛细胞蛋白为靶目标的胰岛细胞自身抗体。这是通过间接荧光免疫进行的半定量检测。GADA和IA-2A是针对两种特殊细胞抗原的抗体。胰岛素被认为是β细胞高度特异性的抗原,胰岛素抗体缩写为IAA。IAA检测不能区分诱发自身抗体的胰岛素是来自机体胰岛细胞还是糖尿病治疗中注射的胰岛素(人源或动物来源)。
大约10%的糖尿病病例是1型(自身免疫性)来源。后者中,大约75%的确诊患者小于20岁。1型糖尿病也曾被称为青少年糖尿病或者胰岛素依赖性糖尿病,但已对其重新进行定义以反映β细胞的受损情况。胰岛自身抗体可以在1型糖尿病发生数月或数年前检测出。非糖尿病个体若检出胰岛自身抗体,则具有发展为1型糖尿病的高风险性,但不是每个检出胰岛自身抗体的个体都会发展为1型糖尿病。当自身免疫1型糖尿病存在时,大约95%的患者在初诊时就可发现一种或多种自身抗体。测定非糖尿病患者的胰岛自身抗体目前仅处于研究目的。
测试样本如何采集?
自肘静脉采集血液样本。
试验
常见问题
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参考文献
注意:本文是在此处引用的参考文献和医学检验项目在线介绍编辑审核委员会全体成员的经验和研究结果的基础上总结而成。本文由编辑委员会定期审核、更新。任何新引用的文献都会添加到列表中,并且会与原有的参考文献区分开。
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Maclaren, N. and Marker, J. (2002 December). Guidelines & Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis & Management of Diabetes Mellitus [11 paragraphs]. Weill College of Medicine of Cornell University, NACB Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.nacb.org/temporary/Maclaren2.htm
S2
Kimpimäki, T. et. al. (2000). Disease-Associated Autoantibodies as Surrogate Markers of Type 1 Diabetes in Young Children at Increased Genetic Risk [24 paragraphs]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol 85 No. 3 1126-1132 [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/3/1126
S3
Borg, H. et. al. (2001). High Levels of Antigen-Specific Islet Antibodies Predict Future ß-Cell Failure in Patients with Onset of Diabetes in Adult Age [23 paragraphs]. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86 (7): 3032. (2001) [On-line journal]. Available FTP: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/reprint/86/7/3032
S4
Achenbach, P. et. al. (2004). Stratification of Type 1 Diabetes Risk on the Basis of Islet Autoantibody Characteristics [21 paragraphs]. Diabetes 53:384-392 [On-line journal]. Available FTP: http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/53/2/384
S5
(© 2005). Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) Antibody [6 paragraphs]. ARUP's Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.arup-lab.com/guides/clt/tests/clt_a287.jsp#1149613
S6
(© 2005). Islet Cell Antibody, IgG [2 paragraphs]. ARUP's Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.arup-lab.com/guides/clt/tests/clt_a25b.jsp#1153005
S7
(© 2005). IA-2 Antibody [2 paragraphs]. ARUP's Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.arup-lab.com/guides/clt/tests/clt_alpb.jsp#2441172
S8
Dupré, J. & Mahon, J. (2000 August). Diabetes-Related Autoantibodies and the Selection of Subjects for Trials of Therapies to Preserve Pancreaticß-Cell Function in Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes [7 paragraphs]. Diabetes Care, (23): 8 [On-line information]. Available online
S9
Rewers, M. (2005 October, Updated). Type I Diabetes: Molecular, Cellular, and Clinical Immunology, Chapter 9 Epidemiology of Type I Diabetes [57 paragraphs]. Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, UCDHSC [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.uchsc.edu/misc/diabetes/oxch9.html
S10
Eisenbarth, G. (2003 November). Chapter 11 Prediction of Type I Diabetes: The Natural History of the Prediabetic Period [13 paragraphs]. Type I Diabetes: Molecular, Cellular, and Clinical Immunology, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, UCDHSC [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.uchsc.edu/misc/diabetes/oxch11.html
S11
Winter, WE. Diabetes disease management: differentiating type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Clinical Laboratory News. 2005; 31(7):14-16.
S12
Autoimmune Disorders that Influence Carbohydrate Metabolism (Chapter 24) Winter, W.E. In: Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of Human Autoimmune Diseases. Nakamura R.M., Keren, D.F., Bylund D.J. (eds): ASCP Press, Chicago, 2002, pp:345-372.
S13
Autoimmune Endocrinopathies, Winter, W.E.: In: Pediatric Endocrinology, Fourth Edition, F. Lifshitz (ed): Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, New York, 2003, pp 683- 720.
S14
Immunologic Disorders in Infants and Children (5th edition), Winter, W.E. and Signorino, M. R. Autoimmune Endocrinopathies. In: E.R. Stiehm (ed): W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2004, 1179-1221.
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Dr. William Winter M.D. Professor of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, FL





















